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- A tariff or duty tax is a tax x placedon imports, usually calculated as a
- percent of the price charged for the goods by the foreign supliers. Tariffs
- can therefore be used as a source of revenue for the governmnets, but are
- mainy used as a form of protection against foreign competition. By raising
- prices of imported goods relative to those of the domesticlaly produced
- goods, it is encouraging domestic consumers to by domestic prodcuts rather
- than foriegn products.
-
- The main effects of protection of industry are:
-
- Because the tarrifs are placed on cheaper foreign goods are consumers are
- forced to pay higher prices for products, which results in a lower standard
- of living in the community.
- Incomes are redisturbrited away from consumers to entrepreneurs in the
- protected industries and to government protection will mean a higher level
- of domestic production and a higher level of employment.
-
- The main arguments for protectuion of industry are: "infant industry",
- defense or national self-suffiency, protection of home industry,
- diversification, favorable balance of trade, and protection of employment.
-
- The "Infant industry" argument:
- This argument assumes that a domestic industry could gain a competitive
- advantage if it could only get started without the pressure of foreign
- competition. Once the industry becomes established the government would than
- phase out there protection.
-
- This line of debate is only valid if the resources are more productive in
- their new use then they would be if the industry had not been started. From
- this, eventually the industry must be able to supply its products to the
- market at a price lower then that of the imported product.
-
- The problem is to quickly identify those so called infant industry that are
- going to able to grow, with help of temporary protection, into productive
- enterprises that will have a competitive adavantage.
-
- In practice this argument is destroyed, as those "infant industries" that
- are protected usually fail to grow out of the infant stage, and are not able
- to face foreign competitioon.
-
- Defence of national Self-Sufficiecney:
-
- This is where a government chooses to protect those industries it believes
- will be crucial in time of warfare. The result in problem from this form of
- protection is that it stops the standard of living of the country risisng
- quiet as quickly as it would other wise have done, and therefore is not
- often supported by citizens.
-
- Protection of Home Industry:
-
- This argument is most prevelant at the moment, and it involve government and
- entreprenurs appealing to the public patriotism to buy "Australian made"
- products, no matter the price the public has to pay or the quality of the
- product purchase.
- As the consumer is usually having to pay a higher price for the domestic
- goods, buying "Australian made' decreases there standard of living.
- If the home industry needs protection form lower cost overseas industries,
- the question asked how efficient the home industries are.
- In many cases the answer is not very, and it must be considered if the
- resources must be consisdered if the resources could be used more
- productively. If they could, then there is no bases for this argument.
-
- Protection of Employment:
- The argument provided by those who follow this line of thought is that
- importing goods amounts to the exporting of jobs. Originally there is a lose
- of jobs of some of the workers in the less protected industry as there is no
- longer a market for there skills. These workers may then need retraining to
- gain employment in the work force. Australia sometime provides adjustment
- assistance to the workers in firms that suffer from increased imports
- resulting form government actions that lower trade barriers.
- The reason behind this support is that the removal of trade barriers leads
- to increased trade, and since the whole nation realises gains from the
- increased trade, some of the gains can be used to compensate those workers
- who suffer loss during the transitional period.
- As long as the economy is operating a capacity, unemployment resulting from
- increased foreign competition should only be transitional. Any long term
- unemployment problems should be blamed on fiscal and monetary polices and
- other domestic polices for dealing with unemployement.
-
- Diversification:
- Is the situation resulting from a country having a competiitive advantage in
- only one or two products. The international trade of this country may be
- subject to wide fluctuation in the prices it receives because of the changes
- in world supply and demand. They are consisdered " all there eggs in the one
- basket" as they are extremely vulnerable to changing economic conditions and
- future trends and technological discoveries.
-
- Favourable balance of trade:
-
- There are two main lines of analysis against this argument:
-
- all countries cannot have a favourable balance of trade, becuase if some
- have a favourable balance some must have a unfavourable balance. It is then
- a selfish policy which seeks protection at the expense of other countries
- and which will reduce total international trade.
- a favourable balance of trade causes the country to accumulate foreign
- exchange balances which reduce the standard of living as they are only
- useful that they can provide us with goods and services that can satisfy
- more and more wants.
-
- Over the last few decades there has been a general concensus of opion that
- the reduction of tarriffs is a good idea. This change of attitude and action
- against protection has come about because of:
-
- the gradual change in the belief that high protection was in the national
- interest;
- cost to the community of levels of protection afforded to manufacturing
- industries; and
- Australia's pursuit of more free world trade in agricultural produts, which
- means they had to change their own manufacturing poicy.
- No matter what the result of the forthcoming election, there will be a
- reduction in governments protction of industry that both parties tariff
- policies involve the gradual fading ou of Australia's over-protection of
- industries.
- Labor's exact plans are to reduce tarrifs for most industries to 5% by 1996,
- wiht clothing, textiles and footwear at 25% and automotive rates at !5% by
- the year 2000, with no possible changes to legislated program until 1996.
-
- The liberal goal is for all industries by the year 2000 to be between 0 and
- 5% tariffs, with no review 1996.
-
- With these policies in mind, if the protection industries are to survive
- when tariffs are dropped they must become more efficient and gain a
- competitive advantage so as to successfully meet foreighn industries head on
- in free international trade.
-
- Hooper, Narelle. "Who's best for Business"
- Business Review Weekly, February 12.
-
- Economics
- Waud, Hocking, Maxwell and Bonnici
- Harper & Rowe. Sydney 1986
-
- Microeconomics of Markets
- Tisdell C.A
- John Wiley & Sons.Brisbane 1982
-
- Our Economic Environment
- Gallagher and Burkhardt
- McGraw-Hill, 5th edition Sydney 1988
-